Involuntary turnover is best described as:

• A. Voluntary turnover
• B. Involuntary turnover
• C. Functional turnover
• D. Dysfunctional turnover

Answer: (B)

Involuntary turnover means an employee separation that the employer initiates—terminations, layoffs, or other forced exits. It’s about who drives the departure, not the employee’s choice. This differs from voluntary turnover, where the employee decides to leave. The ideas of functional and dysfunctional turnover describe the effect of turnover on the organization (whether the exit improves or harms performance) and can apply regardless of who initiates the departure.